Hot water extraction of shikimic acid from star anise

donderdag 13 mei 2021  16:03

Shikimic Acid

Shikimic acid is the intermediate product of this biological pathway by shikimate dehydrogenase, which facilitates the reversible transformation by reduction of 3-dehydroshikimate into shikimate.

From: Phytochemicals as Lead Compounds for New Drug Discovery, 2020

 

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/shikimic-acid

 

Rapid separation of shikimic acid from Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) with hot water extraction

Abstract

Shikimic acid can be rapidly separated (ca. 5 min) from Chinese star anise with hot water extraction at temperatures of 120 °C or higher to obtain recoveries of 100%.

 

Extraction recoveries of shikimic acid close to 97% can be obtained with water at 70 °C using slightly longer extraction times (ca. 10 min) than those at 120 °C.

 

A semi-batch flow apparatus was used to study the effect of temperature, average particle size, water flow rate, and extraction time on the experimental recoveries.

For 0.5 g Chinese star anise raw material that contained ca. 8% shikimic acid, 100% recoveries of shikimic acid could be obtained with 60 g water at 150 °C at 15 MPa in 4 min for star anise material having a particle size range from 355 to 600 μm.

A one-site kinetic model was found to provide good correlation of the data and the kinetic parameters of the model could be written in terms of linearized contributions in temperature, average particle diameter and flow rate.

 

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1383586609002809

 

 

 

 

What food is shikimic acid in?

 

Shikimic acid can also be extracted from the seeds of the sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) fruit, which is abundant in North America, in yields of around 1.5%.

For example, 4 kg of sweetgum seeds is needed for fourteen packages of Tamiflu.

 

By comparison, star anise has been reported to yield 3% to 7% shikimic acid.

 

Shikimic acid is generally utilized as a starting material for industrial synthesis of the antiviral Oseltamivir (this drug against the H5N1 influenza virus is administered to treat and prevent all the known strains of influenza virus) [2, 5].24 jul. 2011

 

Is shikimic acid an antiviral?

 

Shikimic acid is a primary progenitor of the pharmaceutical manufacturing as antiinfluenza drug oseltamivir. Oseltamivir is marketed under the brand name Tamiflu. It is a potential antiviral medicine used to cure and prevent influenza A and influenza B infections.  24 jan. 2020

 

Shikimic acid as intermediary model for the production of drugs effective against influenza virus

 

Abstract

This chapter explains the application of shikimic acid as preventive medicine for the outbreak of swine or Avian flu due to H1N1 virus. Shikimic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid), a natural organic compound, is generally utilized as a starting material for industrial synthesis of the antiviral oseltamivir, a drug against the H1N1 influenza virus. It is also an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan), and most alkaloids of plants and microorganisms. Plant and microbial sources are the only sources of shikimic acid. Being a deadly viral disease, influenza causes the death of around half a million people each year. A neuraminidase present on the surface of the virus is the most important factor for viral reproduction by contributing to the release of viruses from infected host cells and hence the treatment of influenza can only be possible by neuraminidase inhibitors. The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir or Tamiflu derived from shikimic acid pathway have been found to be potent influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitors against most influenza strains.

Keywords: Avian flu, H1N1 influenza virus, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Shikimic acid

 

Introduction

 

Viruses are small infectious organism or obligate intracellular parasite found in virtually all ecosystem, numbering in millions. Within the last 30 years, the etiological mechanisms of some notorious viruses affecting humans have been described. Viruses are enclosed by structural coded protein coat along with either a DNA or RNA genome. The genetic material (DNA or RNA) of viruses contain information needed to replicate or to make number of copies of the virus. Viruses are considered as genetic mobile elements of mainly cellular origin, identified by an extended coevolution of host and virus. Specialized host cells providing complex biosynthetic and metabolic machinery of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms help in the propagation of viruses and a whole virus particle is known as virion.

Viral infections have the ability to spread from man to man or from other sources to man either by indirect or direct contact, particularly by means of excretal matter, contaminated articles, throat and nose secretions, and very common is droplet infection. An insect vector also spreads infections, e.g., transmission of dengue fever is by mosquito Aedes aegypti. A number of viral diseases are transmitted through milk and water, e.g., infectious hepatitis and poliomyelitis. Sometimes viruses change the function of the cell without destroying the host cell. Viruses might remain dormant for a period of time before multiplying again.

The genetic material of viruses controls the cells by forcing it to replicate. Generally, infected cells dies as it cannot perform the normal function and after cell death it releases a new virus which continues to infect other cells. A number of viruses alter the cellular functions instead of killing the cells and these infected cells multiply abnormally by losing the control over normal cell division and turning into cancerous cells. A virus proliferates and infects cells causing viral infection.

For some viral infections, lifelong immunity is conferred after one attack of the disease such as small pox, measles, and mumps, whereas in case of common cold, short-duration immunity is produced after an attack. In viral diseases, the mode of artificial immunization is similar to those of bacterial infections, for passive immunization dead or live vaccines are used to bring about active immunity.

Diagnostically, prospective and laboratory-based surveillance is of principal significance for the management and early detection of emerging or reemerging infectious diseases. Within the past years, many techniques have been developed for diagnosing viral infections and these procedures include (1) the detection of viral antigen in the lesions through fluorescent antibody techniques, (2) microscopic examination of the lesions, (3) performing serological tests during the course of infection, (4) skin tests, and (5) techniques for identification and isolation of virus.

 

 Description of the various classes of viruses

 

Viruses that are pathogenic to human are broadly classified according to the different regions of the body mostly affected and clinical nature of the infection or disease produced (Table 16.1 ). A simple classification system of viruses is the following:

·         • Neurotropic viruses: These are viruses that affect the central nervous system, e.g., viruses of rabies and poliomyelitis.

·         • Dermotropic viruses: This class of viruses produces generalized infection by inducing characteristic lesions on the skin, e.g., viruses of measles, small pox, and chicken pox.

·         • Pneumotropic viruses: These are viruses that produce characteristic symptoms of the respiratory tract, e.g., viruses of influenza and common cold.

·         • Hepatotropic viruses: This group of viruses infects the liver, e.g., viruses of infectious hepatitis.

·         • Sialadenitis or salivary gland infection: These are viruses that affect salivary gland or duct, resulting in viral infection such as mumps and flu.

·         • Ocular viral infection: These are viruses that affect the eyes, e.g., viruses of trachoma and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

·         • Viruses producing generalized infections: These include viruses of dengue fever and yellow fever.

 

Source:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153330/